Kamis, 30 September 2010

tanda airGarisan air Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas. Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar Garisan air atau garisan beban ialah satu garisan pada badan kapal yang menandakan paras timbul sesebuah kapal atau bot di permukaan air. Paras di garisan air dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan kemasinan air. Air suam atau panas dan air masin (air laut) mempunyai ketumpatan dan kadar keapungan yang lebih tinggi. Tujuan utama garisan beban diperkenalkan ialah untuk memastikan kapal mempunyai lambung bebas dan keapungan yang mencukupi. Lambung bebas untuk sebuah kapal komersil dikira antara titik terendah pada sisi geladak kapal dan garisan air, dan nilainya mesti tidak kurang daripada paras lambung bebas yang ditanda pada sijil garisan beban yang dikeluarkan untuk kapal tersebut. Hampir semua kapal komersil,[1] ditanda dengan garisan beban pada kedua-dua belah peminggang kapal. Garisan ini yang juga dikenali sebagai garisan beban antarabangsa atau garisan Plimsoll, juga menunjukkan drauf maksimum yang selamat dan lambung bebas minimum untuk kapal dalam pelbagai keadaan operasi.[2] Isi kandungan [sorok] * 1 Sejarah * 2 Piawai tanda garisan beban * 3 Lihat juga * 4 Rujukan * 5 Pautan Luar [sunting] Sejarah Peraturan rasmi pertama berkaitan pemuatan kapal terdapat dalam undang-undang maritim kerajaan Crete, pada tahun 2500 SM. Melalui peraturan ini, kapal-kapal diwajibkan lulus pemeriksaan ke atas pemuatan dan penyelenggaran. Peraturan yang sama juga terdapat dalam undang-undang laut kerajaan Rome. Pada Zaman Pertengahan, republik Venice, bandar Genoa dan liga Hanseatic mewajibkan pemuatan dihadkan pada paras tertentu. Venice menanda paras ini dengan tanda palang di kedua sisi kapal, dan Genoa menandanya dengan 3 garisan melintang. Peraturan pemuatan pada kurun ke-19 diperkenalkan oleh Lloyd's Register dari British and Foreign Shipping pada tahun 1835, selepas perbincangan dengan pemilik kapal, syarikat penghantaran dan institut taja jamin. Lloyds mencadangkan lambung bebas bersamaan dengan kedalaman badan kapal (tiga inci untuk setiap kaki kedalaman). Peraturan ini diguna pakai dengan meluas sehingga tahun 1880, dan dikenali sebagai "Hukum Lyod" (Lloyd's Rule). Pada tahun 1860-an, selepas meningkatnya kes kapal yang karam akibat terlebih muatan, seorang ahil parlimen British, Samuel Plimsoll mencadangkan peraturan baru untuk garisan beban. Satu Suruhanjaya Diraja untuk kapal yang tak layak belayar ditubuhkan pada tahun 1872, dan pada tahun 1876 Akta Kapal Dagang United Kingdom mewajibkan penggunaan garisan beban, walaupun kedudukannya tidak ditetapkan oleh undang-undang sehingga tahun 1894. Pada tahun 1906, satu undang-undang diluluskan yang mewajibkan setiap kapal dagang asing yang datang ke pelabuhan British mesti ditanda dengan garisan beban. Pada tahun 1930, Konvensyen Garisan Beban telah diadakan yang menetapkan penggunaan seluruh dunia untuk peraturan garisan beban. Beberapa lagi Konvensyen Garisan Beban telah diadakan pada tahun 1966, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1995 dan 2003 bagi menilai semula dan meminda beberapa peraturan dari tahun 1930.[3] [sunting] Piawai tanda garisan beban Garis-garis dan tanda Garisan Beban untuk kapal komersil Tanda Plimsoll yang asal ialah sebuah bulatan dengan garis melintang melaluinya untuk menunjukkan drauf maksimum bagi sebuah kapal. Tanda-tanda lain telah ditambah kemudiannya, untuk menunjukkan ketumpatan air yang berbeza dan jangkaan keadaan laut. Abjad-abjad juga tertera di sebelah tanda garisan beban untuk menunjukkan pertubuhan yang memantau garisan beban sesebuah kapal. Antara yang digunakan ialah AB untuk (American Bureau of Shipping), LR untuk (Lloyd's Register), GL untuk (Germanischer Lloyd), BV untuk (Bureau Veritas), IR untuk (Indian Register of Shipping), RI untuk (Registro Italiano Navale) dan NV untuk (Det Norske Veritas). Abjad-abjad ini mesti 115 millimeter tinggi dan 75 millimeter lebar.[4] Abjad pada tanda garisan beban mempunyai maksud seperti berikut: * TF – Air tawar tropika (tropical fresh water) * F – Air tawar (fresh water) * T – Air laut tropika (tropical seawater) * S – Air laut suhu musim panas (summer temperate seawater) * W – Air latu suhu musim sejuk (winter temperate seawater) * WNA – Musim sejuk Atlantik Utara (winter North Atlantic) Ketumpatan air tawar ialah 1000 kg/m³ dan air laut 1025 kg/m³. Sebuah kapal yang dimuatkan sehingga mencapai paras tanda air tawar (FW) di kawasan air tawar akan berada pada paras tanda air laut (SW) apabila ia sampai ke kawasan air laut. * Garisan beban musim panas ialah garisan beban primer kerana semua tanda lain terbit daripadanya. Posisi garisan beban musim panas dikira berdasarkan Hukum Garisan Beban dan bergantung kepada banyak faktor seperti panjang kapal, jenis kapal, jenis dan jumlah struktur besar, jumlah naikan, tinggi lengkung dan sebagainya. Garisan melintang yang melalui bulatan tanda Plimsoll berada pada paras yang sama dengan garisan beban musim panas. * Garisan beban musim sejuk bersamaan dengan satu per empat puluh lapan daripada beban drauf musim panas di bawah garisan beban musim panas. * Garisan beban tropika bersamaan dengan satu perempat puluh lapan daripada beban drauf musim panas di atas garisan beban musim panas. * Garisan beban air tawar bersamaan dengan \tfrac{\triangle}{40T} sentimeter di atas garisan beban musim panas di mana \triangle ialah sesaran dalam tan metrik pada beban drauf musim panas dan T ialah tan metrik bagi setiap sentimeter perendaman bagi drauf tersebut. Dalam kes-kes di mana \triangle tidak boleh ditentukan, garisan beban air tawar adalah bersamaan dengan garisan beban tropika. Posisi garisan beban air tawar tropika nisbi kepada garisan beban tropika boleh diperolehi dengan kiraan yang sama untuk garisan beban air tawar nisbi kepada garisan beban musim panas. Garisan beban musim sejuk Atlantik Utara digunakan untuk kapal-kapal yang panjangnya tidak melebihi 100 meter yang berada di beberapa kawasan di utara Lautan Atlantik ketika musim sejuk. Garisan ini terletak pada 50 millimeter di bawah tanda musim sejuk biasa.[5] Benefits of Hiring a Private Craft Chartering a private plane has likely considered to be a luxury of the affluent and famous. However, this is not most likely the case. Most folks are currently picking to hire private planes for many various reasons. With select costs becoming a bit more cost effective and the hassles of flying commercially growing, more folks are choosing to charter private jets to get to Tanda Tula Airport. Of course, even with the prices coming down, many regular people still can't afford to rent a private plane. Some groups of folks, though, are taking more and more advantage of private planes for multiple reasons. The most usual kind of people to hire planes are the affluent and famous. They are likely to lease crafts because it is cost effective to them, they don't want to travel in a commercial airplane, there are little or no luggage restrictions, and they shall have their animals into the central cabin with them to sit with them as they fly. A usual charter, depending on the size of the jets, runs anyplace from $20,000 and higher. The smaller the jets, the cheaper it is to charter it. The jets that can be rented come in a variety of varied sizes from eight seats upward. For persons who has a a lot of money, fees is no problem and they can of course afford to hire a jets for all of their flying necessities. They also may obtain the size and the benefits choices that they would like during their flights. If the individual hiring the jets likes to pack a lot of baggage, then they can choose the crafts that can best be able to satiate those wants, as well as not need to wonder about any luggage restrictions. Individuals that are affluent and can handle it a lot purchase their own private jets, but there can be some query if this is the better way to go. After purchasing a private jet there are still all of the costs for maintenance, housing, paying a pilot, licenses, and any other fees associated with owning a plane. If, on the other hand, they just hired a private craft for all of their travel necessities, they don't have to worry with any of those ordeals and can just enjoy traveling in their own private hired plane. Numbers people highly don't like flying on commercial planes to Tanda Tula Airport. This isn't reserved for the affluent and celebrity. With trainling lines, many security checkpoints, baggage restrictions, and numerous times unliked neighbors a lot usually wish they could pay to travel in a private jet. A rented planeensures the people numerous freedoms that are usually not available on a commercial flight due to restrictions or regulations important to ensure the safety of the travelers. trunks restrictions are a ongoing source of problems when thinking of commercial flights. Lost baggage can also coincide with this. Countless airlines charge more for greater than one piece of baggage and sometimes it may not even make it to the destination. If trunks gets lost on a commercial flight, even greater hassles start to try and locate and deliver the lost baggage to its rightful owner. With a leased craft, you are in charge of yourluggage . You can observe them as they put it in the plane and there are mot many or no restrictions on how many luggage and what accoutrements you take along you. Usually, animals can be allowed in the cabin with you for the duration the flight instead of in the cargo area. With recent reports and thoughts about how safe animals actually are in the cargo bay of commercial flights, this benefit is an important one for folks who can pay to lease a planeand would like to carry their pets along with them on their travels. There is also a rise in prganizations hiring planes so their employees can quickly and easilytake off to meetings and conferences. Not being made to wait in the growing lines at the airport or think about delayed flights, tons of businessmen see it faster and more convenient to merely leap on a leased plane to get to their meeting on the opposite side of the country then arrive home in time for dinner. An additional perk of a hired plane is that it caters to the actual needs of its clients. If they maintain certain flight times, they may be accommodated. There is no necessity to wait for the numerous travelers to board the craft and the planecan take off whenever it is ready to. Also, since rented jets are not as big as than commercial planes, they offer many more choices when speaking of the airports they can depart or land in. This can be particularly positive for those chartering a jet for business purposes since they have more flexibility in where meetings can be held and in where they can arrive and take off from. leased crafts are also usually readied with all of the wanted technology for a businessman to be allowed to get work done on the flight and as keep in touch with their office for current information. Some businessmen even hold their meetings on the planeswith the reason to save time In addition to get more work done. chartered crafts have helped to save companies time and money by permitting them to fly and work in comfort at the same time. While these are the twomain groups of travelers that are most likely to hire a jet, others do as well for numerous addorted reasons. Some people enjoy chartering a plane since they do not need to wait in trainling lines or at security checkpoints. They can just drive right up to the steps of the plane and board straight from their car. There are no security checkpoints or large lines at the ticket area, and they don't need to get there hours in advance simply to make certain they are on time for their plane. Many like the personal, pampered atmosphere that is experienced throughout the craft and the flight. There are many extras offered on a rented plane that are unavailable on a commercial flight. Each leased jet has a myriad of options that may be selected from that can include selecting your own movie, spa packages, even special wants could be honored if made in advance. Rented crafts provide only the best to their customers and are happy to make any accommodations or fulfill any special requests made by the flyers who hired the plane. Yet another advantage to hiring a private plane is that you can set your own travel schedule, likely only giving 48 hours notice if required. Also, if you traveling to a destination and opt to change plans or stop off and visit a city as you fly over it, the pilot is flexible and may alter plans in the air if needed. This affords the flyer larger flexibility than if they were togo on a commercial airline to Tanda Tula Airport. Some flyers who charter a jet do so for a special occasion, for example a vacation or a trip to Tanda Tula Airport, and they want to do so in style. By hiring a private jet, anyone is sure to come to their destination in style, at ease, and ready for whatever waits for them at their destination. A lot see leasing a private craft as a luxury, which is true, but it is becoming a lot more affordable for folks who want the unusual luxuries that let them to feel needed and pampered and get them to their intended destination. By being capable to afford the small luxuries like a leased jet, your arrive at your get away destination rested and ready to begin your much needed time off. A chartered craft affords the flyer all of the ease and flexibility that a commercial plane doesn't offer. By going in a private plane, the flyer doesn't have any of the problems that reside with traveling on a commercial airline. There are no large lines, security checkpoints where you will be searched or patted down, no unwated seat mates, no baggage restrictions, and no rules as to where you can travel. hired jets are becoming more and more popular as a way to fly and it couldn't be a huge surprise if one day they became a more popular way to travel just for the benefits that people who make use of them have access to. Read more: http://www.privatejetscharter.net/airports/limpopo/welverdiend/tanda-tula-airport/ap41268/#ixzz10zlwHLFoTanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve, South Africa En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers. Picture Gallery 12 Luxurious East African style tents (16-Bedded) with private timber decks overlooking the dry riverbed. Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in the boma. General Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve. location Pool area. activities # En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers # Standing Fans and mosquito netting in Tanda Tula Safari Camp's rooms # Thatched lounge, open-air dining areas, curio shop and swimming pool # Maximum of 24 guests for Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation Each tented suite at Tanda Tula Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation has its own private timber decks overlooking the riverbed. If you are seeking exclusivity in your Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation, you may be interested in the Tandala thatched suite with its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. For the more adventurous, sleep outs can be arranged at the hide overlooking the waterhole at Tanda Tula's Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation. Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in the boma. General Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula - 'love of the quiet' - here in the heart of Timbavati Game Reserve is one of the largest and most famous private game reserves in the world. Guest areas include thatched lounge, open... [more information] Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve. location Tanda Tula Safari Camp : Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Location Tanda Tula Safari Camp is renowed as the most luxurious tented game camp in South Africa. Tanda Tula Safari Camp is situated amidst 20 000 acres of bushveld adjacent to the Kruger National Park... [more information] Pool area. activities Tanda Tula Safari Camp : Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Activities Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers more than the traditional 2 daily game drives and boasts a quality bush experience with numerous individual interest options. Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers fine inter... [more information] Provisional Reservation System Please note that all steps marked with a * must be completed for your provisional reservation to be processed! Staying at Tanda Tula Safari Camp Step 1* Choose Accommodation Type. Luxury Tent: Fully inclusive - Max People: 2 Step 2* Please indicate the number of adults and the number of children below. adults children under 12 Step 3* Choose accommodation start date and the number of nights you intend staying for below. Start date nights If you are sure all steps marked with a * are complete please Rates/Prices Reservations/ Bookings Enquiries/ Questions Timbavati Private Game Reserve: Timbavati Safari Lodge Accommodation Reservations and Bookings: # Tel: (+27) 21 424 1037 # Fax: (+27) 21 424 1036 # Reservations & Enquiries # Booking Conditions # Site Map # About Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty)Ltd - Timbavati Private Game Reserve, Greater Kruger Park, Private Safari Lodges And Safari Camp Accommodation. Site Search * Your Current Search:Combined (Accom,Tours) * * * * * * * * * Search Options * under R 500 * R 500 - 1000 * R 1000 - 2000 * R 2000 - 3000 * R 3000 - 4000 * R 4000 - 5000 * R 5000 and over * R to * Bookings and Enquiries * Rates/Prices * Enquire * Bookings * Click for Live Support close window * Tanda Tula Accommodation Tandala thatched suite has its own pool For guests seeking exclusivity, the Tandala thatched suite has its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. Tanda Tula Accommodation All the tents have en-suite bathrooms Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers accommodation in 12 luxurious East African fashioned tents, which can house a number of 16 people. All the tents have en-suite bathrooms and private wooden decks. Travel Essentials Safari Essentials Car Rental Essentials © Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd Krugerpark private reserve Timbavati lodge guide Lodge reservations and bookings | Phone: +27 (21) 424 1037 Fax: +27 (21) 424 1036Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve, South Africa En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers. Picture Gallery 12 Luxurious East African style tents (16-Bedded) with private timber decks overlooking the dry riverbed. Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in the boma. General Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve. location Pool area. activities # En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers # Standing Fans and mosquito netting in Tanda Tula Safari Camp's rooms # Thatched lounge, open-air dining areas, curio shop and swimming pool # Maximum of 24 guests for Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation Each tented suite at Tanda Tula Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation has its own private timber decks overlooking the riverbed. If you are seeking exclusivity in your Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation, you may be interested in the Tandala thatched suite with its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. For the more adventurous, sleep outs can be arranged at the hide overlooking the waterhole at Tanda Tula's Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation. Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in the boma. General Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula - 'love of the quiet' - here in the heart of Timbavati Game Reserve is one of the largest and most famous private game reserves in the world. Guest areas include thatched lounge, open... [more information] Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve. location Tanda Tula Safari Camp : Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Location Tanda Tula Safari Camp is renowed as the most luxurious tented game camp in South Africa. Tanda Tula Safari Camp is situated amidst 20 000 acres of bushveld adjacent to the Kruger National Park... [more information] Pool area. activities Tanda Tula Safari Camp : Timbavati Private Game Reserve : Activities Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers more than the traditional 2 daily game drives and boasts a quality bush experience with numerous individual interest options. Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers fine inter... [more information] Provisional Reservation System Please note that all steps marked with a * must be completed for your provisional reservation to be processed! Staying at Tanda Tula Safari Camp Step 1* Choose Accommodation Type. Luxury Tent: Fully inclusive - Max People: 2 Step 2* Please indicate the number of adults and the number of children below. adults children under 12 Step 3* Choose accommodation start date and the number of nights you intend staying for below. Start date nights If you are sure all steps marked with a * are complete please Rates/Prices Reservations/ Bookings Enquiries/ Questions Timbavati Private Game Reserve: Timbavati Safari Lodge Accommodation Reservations and Bookings: # Tel: (+27) 21 424 1037 # Fax: (+27) 21 424 1036 # Reservations & Enquiries # Booking Conditions # Site Map # About Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty)Ltd - Timbavati Private Game Reserve, Greater Kruger Park, Private Safari Lodges And Safari Camp Accommodation. Site Search * Your Current Search:Combined (Accom,Tours) * * * * * * * * * Search Options * under R 500 * R 500 - 1000 * R 1000 - 2000 * R 2000 - 3000 * R 3000 - 4000 * R 4000 - 5000 * R 5000 and over * R to * Bookings and Enquiries * Rates/Prices * Enquire * Bookings * Click for Live Support close window * Tanda Tula Accommodation Tandala thatched suite has its own pool For guests seeking exclusivity, the Tandala thatched suite has its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. Tanda Tula Accommodation All the tents have en-suite bathrooms Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers accommodation in 12 luxurious East African fashioned tents, which can house a number of 16 people. All the tents have en-suite bathrooms and private wooden decks. Travel Essentials Safari Essentials Car Rental Essentials © Siyabona Africa Travel (Pty) Ltd Krugerpark private reserve Timbavati lodge guide Lodge reservations and bookings | Phone: +27 (21) 424 1037 Fax: +27 (21) 424 1036Home > Honeymoons > South Africa > Accomodation > South African Safari Lodges Enquire Online View All Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula Safari Camp Tanda Tula Safari Camp View Our Weather Guide E-mail the Holiday Idea to a Friend E-MAIL Print PRINT Description Prices Prices for 3 nights from £798 per person twin share including all meals, game activities, soft drinks and alcoholic beverages (local brands). The scheduled flight to Hoedspruit/Eastgate airport or air charter to Tanda Tula is additional. South African Airways and British Airways have daily flights to Johannesburg and Cape Town. Fares start at £660 including all taxes and surcharges: however both airlines do have special offers available throughout the year so it it worth checking with one of our Sales Consultants. Renowned as one of the most luxurious tented camps in South Africa, Tanda Tula is set amidst thousands of acres of pristine wilderness in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve, adjacent to the Kruger National Park. Tanda Tula – ‘to love the quiet’ – is set in a wonderfully serene location with only a handful of guests, a limited number of game-viewing vehicles and no fences between the Kruger Park and the Timbavati, the words 'private', ‘secluded' and 'tranquil' undoubtedly best describe the Tanda Tula experience. Twelve magnificent thatched East African style tents with spacious wooden decks overlooking dry river bed, Victorian style baths and outdoor showers, define Tanda Tula's simple luxury. For the ultimate in privacy, the Tanda Suite is set amongst the Jackalberry trees with its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. The focal point of the camp is the thatched open-air bar and lounge which overlooks a waterhole. Afternoons are spent relaxing by the swimming pool whilst the evening highlight is dinner served around a log fire in the traditional open-air boma. Tanda Tula offers international cuisine with a ‘local’ twist, complemented by some of South Africa's finest wines. Early morning and evening safaris in open landrovers are a sheer delight in this pristine corner of the African wilderness, whilst guided walks with professional rangers and trackers assure all guests of a true bush experience. Tanda Tula is undeniably an intimate tented treasure with a friendly, relaxed atmosphere! 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Recently viewed destinations: Remove South Africa [x] Tanda Tula Safari Camp [x] enter any message or requirements Date of Travel Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Please enter any message or requirements Please enter title Please enter forename Please enter surname Please enter email address Please enter a valid email address Please enter your contact phone number Please specify date of travel The Gift List The original and the still the best, no charges at any point, dedicated point of contact and literally hundreds of satisfied customers are just some of the reasons to talk to us about our gift list service - call for an on-line demonstration and find out why our gift list is the best in the business. GO TO GIFT LIST Why Turquoise? The very best advice and service, unique offers, rates upgrades and our own vow "We will guarantee to match or better any honeymoon or wedding abroad quote as long as the quote is exactly comparable" You will find our inside knowledge a real help. But it's our inspiration, imagination, and passion which really set us apart.Tanda Tula Game Lodge Hoedspruit, Timbavati Game Reserve, Limpopo, South Africa Small exclusive game lodge in the world famous Timbavati, part of the Kruger Park. South Africa's only 4-star tented lodge & nominated the most luxurious. Emphasis is placed on overall quality Bush experience including Big Five Click to enlarge Tanda Tula - "to love the quiet". Here in the heart of Timbavati, one of the largest and most famous private game reserves in the world, you will come face to face to nature as it always was, with not a fence in sight to inhabit your freedom. Tanda Tula is an intensely private affair. With a maximum of 24 guests, personal attention is simply a matter of course. The cuisine is supurb with a wine list to match. At dawn the cacuphony of a thousand bird songs reverberates over the lushest riverine. This is your wake-up call to a journey into a world where you will thrill to encounters of the most unexpected kind....giraffe, zebra, cheetah, leopard, elephant and possibly even a glimpse at the white lions of Timbavati, in the expert company of a professional ranger and tracker. And to round off a memorable morning, a hearty breakfast awaits you. Options are endless at Tanda Tula Lodge: walking, driving, game watching from a hide-even watching dung beetles at work. And when the sun beats down on the open savannah bush, take cover in the cool lounge while keeping a look out for thirsty visiters at the waterhole nearby. Or freshen up in the swimming pool. As the evening sun sets in a blaze of red and the bush comes alive, gather round the cracling boma fire under wide, star studded skies and listen to the sounds of the African night, the perfect backdrop for bush stories as old as time itself....Tanda Tula Game Lodge; the Africa you have always been waiting for. Rooms Twelve luxuriously thatched East-African Tented suites, all with en-suite bathrooms, outdoor showers and private decks are situated on the banks of the Nhralumi River. The lounge and swimming pool overlook a waterhole where animals come to drink throughout the day and night. Dinners are served around log fires in a traditional open-air boma, and Tanda Tula's excellent cuisine is assured to enhance your bush experience. Those seeking exclusivity and total privacy may be interested in Tandala, a thatched suite with its own private pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. Child Policy Unfortunately Tanda Tula Game Lodge does not accept children under 12 years. Activities With a handful of visitors and a vehicle density of less than one per square mile, the words 'private, secluded and tranquil' best describe a stay here. Safaris are conducted either on foot or in open-sided game-viewing vehicles. The focal point of the camp is the bar/lounge overlooking the watering hole. Afternoons spent around the pool are popular whilst the highlight of each evening are the open-air dinners served around the log fires in the riverbed. How to get there By road: Drive through Hoedspruit, turn right at the stop street and drive for 7km, then turn left onto the Timbavati Road (signposted). Travel along this road (first 18km is tarred), until you reach the Timbavati Control gate. Continue along the road after the control gate until you reach the second turn-off to the right. This road leads to Tanda Tula and is well signposted. By air: Daily flights from Johannesburg and Nelspruit to Tanda Tula airstrip.Membuat efek tanda air di Photoshop Ditulis oleh Ongki di Tips & Tutorial pada 1st 07 2008 | 14 Komentar Anda sering melihat gambar yang memiliki bayangan di bawahnya yang semakin ke bawah bayangannya semakin memudar? Anda dapat membuat efek semacam itu dengan Photoshop dengan mudah, hanya perlu beberapa klik mouse saja. Efek ini dapat digunakan untuk mempercantik tampilan gambar ataupun dapat Anda gunakan untuk memberi efek berbayang yang elegan pada ikon yang Anda buat. Gunakan efek ini berserta efek glossy untuk memdapatkan hasil yang lebih elegan (panduan menggunakan efek glossy pada Photoshop dapat Anda temukan pada link berikut ini). Baiklah, sekarang kita mulai saja tutorialnya. Mudah dan cepat namun mampu memberikan kesan yang wah pada gambar Anda. 1. Buka atau buat gambar yang ingin Anda beri efek 2. Gandakan gambar tadi dengan mengklik lalu drag ke ikon “create new layer” yang ada pada pallete Layers atau dapat di kopi secara manual 3. Pilih layer hasil gandaan tadi, lalu klik menu Edit > Transfrom > Flip vertical, maka gambar hasil gandaan tadi akan terbalik secara vertical 4. Atur posisi dari hasil gandaan yang telah dibalik ke tempat yang sesuai 5. Pastikan layer gandaan Anda terpilih, lalu klik ikon “Add vector mask”, lalu akan muncul kotak putih di samping thumbnail preview pada layer gandaan 6. Pastikan kotak putih tersebut (mask) aktif, ditandai dengan adanya garis bingkai bewarna hitam pada sudut-sudutnya 7. Klik Gradient Tool pada toolbox, pilih warna gradasi “Black, White” 8. Klik dan drag kursor dari posisi bagian bawah gambar hasil gandaan (merupakan titik hilang) ke atas sampai ujung atas gambar hasil gandaan 9. Efek bayangan yang keren ini pun telah terlihat. Tidak ada posting terkait. 14 Komentar dari “Membuat efek tanda air di Photoshop”

Garisan air

Dari Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, ensiklopedia bebas.
Lompat ke: pandu arah, gelintar
Garisan air atau garisan beban ialah satu garisan pada badan kapal yang menandakan paras timbul sesebuah kapal atau bot di permukaan air. Paras di garisan air dipengaruhi oleh suhu dan kemasinan air. Air suam atau panas dan air masin (air laut) mempunyai ketumpatan dan kadar keapungan yang lebih tinggi.
Tujuan utama garisan beban diperkenalkan ialah untuk memastikan kapal mempunyai lambung bebas dan keapungan yang mencukupi. Lambung bebas untuk sebuah kapal komersil dikira antara titik terendah pada sisi geladak kapal dan garisan air, dan nilainya mesti tidak kurang daripada paras lambung bebas yang ditanda pada sijil garisan beban yang dikeluarkan untuk kapal tersebut. Hampir semua kapal komersil,[1] ditanda dengan garisan beban pada kedua-dua belah peminggang kapal.
Garisan ini yang juga dikenali sebagai garisan beban antarabangsa atau garisan Plimsoll, juga menunjukkan drauf maksimum yang selamat dan lambung bebas minimum untuk kapal dalam pelbagai keadaan operasi.[2]

Isi kandungan

[sorok]

[sunting] Sejarah

Peraturan rasmi pertama berkaitan pemuatan kapal terdapat dalam undang-undang maritim kerajaan Crete, pada tahun 2500 SM. Melalui peraturan ini, kapal-kapal diwajibkan lulus pemeriksaan ke atas pemuatan dan penyelenggaran. Peraturan yang sama juga terdapat dalam undang-undang laut kerajaan Rome.
Pada Zaman Pertengahan, republik Venice, bandar Genoa dan liga Hanseatic mewajibkan pemuatan dihadkan pada paras tertentu. Venice menanda paras ini dengan tanda palang di kedua sisi kapal, dan Genoa menandanya dengan 3 garisan melintang.
Peraturan pemuatan pada kurun ke-19 diperkenalkan oleh Lloyd's Register dari British and Foreign Shipping pada tahun 1835, selepas perbincangan dengan pemilik kapal, syarikat penghantaran dan institut taja jamin. Lloyds mencadangkan lambung bebas bersamaan dengan kedalaman badan kapal (tiga inci untuk setiap kaki kedalaman). Peraturan ini diguna pakai dengan meluas sehingga tahun 1880, dan dikenali sebagai "Hukum Lyod" (Lloyd's Rule).
Pada tahun 1860-an, selepas meningkatnya kes kapal yang karam akibat terlebih muatan, seorang ahil parlimen British, Samuel Plimsoll mencadangkan peraturan baru untuk garisan beban. Satu Suruhanjaya Diraja untuk kapal yang tak layak belayar ditubuhkan pada tahun 1872, dan pada tahun 1876 Akta Kapal Dagang United Kingdom mewajibkan penggunaan garisan beban, walaupun kedudukannya tidak ditetapkan oleh undang-undang sehingga tahun 1894. Pada tahun 1906, satu undang-undang diluluskan yang mewajibkan setiap kapal dagang asing yang datang ke pelabuhan British mesti ditanda dengan garisan beban. Pada tahun 1930, Konvensyen Garisan Beban telah diadakan yang menetapkan penggunaan seluruh dunia untuk peraturan garisan beban.
Beberapa lagi Konvensyen Garisan Beban telah diadakan pada tahun 1966, 1971, 1975, 1979, 1983, 1995 dan 2003 bagi menilai semula dan meminda beberapa peraturan dari tahun 1930.[3]

[sunting] Piawai tanda garisan beban


Garis-garis dan tanda Garisan Beban untuk kapal komersil
Tanda Plimsoll yang asal ialah sebuah bulatan dengan garis melintang melaluinya untuk menunjukkan drauf maksimum bagi sebuah kapal. Tanda-tanda lain telah ditambah kemudiannya, untuk menunjukkan ketumpatan air yang berbeza dan jangkaan keadaan laut.
Abjad-abjad juga tertera di sebelah tanda garisan beban untuk menunjukkan pertubuhan yang memantau garisan beban sesebuah kapal. Antara yang digunakan ialah AB untuk (American Bureau of Shipping), LR untuk (Lloyd's Register), GL untuk (Germanischer Lloyd), BV untuk (Bureau Veritas), IR untuk (Indian Register of Shipping), RI untuk (Registro Italiano Navale) dan NV untuk (Det Norske Veritas). Abjad-abjad ini mesti 115 millimeter tinggi dan 75 millimeter lebar.[4]
Abjad pada tanda garisan beban mempunyai maksud seperti berikut:
  • TF – Air tawar tropika (tropical fresh water)
  • F – Air tawar (fresh water)
  • T – Air laut tropika (tropical seawater)
  • S – Air laut suhu musim panas (summer temperate seawater)
  • W – Air latu suhu musim sejuk (winter temperate seawater)
  • WNA – Musim sejuk Atlantik Utara (winter North Atlantic)
Ketumpatan air tawar ialah 1000 kg/m³ dan air laut 1025 kg/m³. Sebuah kapal yang dimuatkan sehingga mencapai paras tanda air tawar (FW) di kawasan air tawar akan berada pada paras tanda air laut (SW) apabila ia sampai ke kawasan air laut.
  • Garisan beban musim panas ialah garisan beban primer kerana semua tanda lain terbit daripadanya. Posisi garisan beban musim panas dikira berdasarkan Hukum Garisan Beban dan bergantung kepada banyak faktor seperti panjang kapal, jenis kapal, jenis dan jumlah struktur besar, jumlah naikan, tinggi lengkung dan sebagainya. Garisan melintang yang melalui bulatan tanda Plimsoll berada pada paras yang sama dengan garisan beban musim panas.
  • Garisan beban musim sejuk bersamaan dengan satu per empat puluh lapan daripada beban drauf musim panas di bawah garisan beban musim panas.
  • Garisan beban tropika bersamaan dengan satu perempat puluh lapan daripada beban drauf musim panas di atas garisan beban musim panas.
  • Garisan beban air tawar bersamaan dengan \tfrac{\triangle}{40T} sentimeter di atas garisan beban musim panas di mana \triangle ialah sesaran dalam tan metrik pada beban drauf musim panas dan T ialah tan metrik bagi setiap sentimeter perendaman bagi drauf tersebut.
Dalam kes-kes di mana \triangle tidak boleh ditentukan, garisan beban air tawar adalah bersamaan dengan garisan beban tropika.
Posisi garisan beban air tawar tropika nisbi kepada garisan beban tropika boleh diperolehi dengan kiraan yang sama untuk garisan beban air tawar nisbi kepada garisan beban musim panas.

South Africa Safari

Tanda Tula Safari Camp

Timbavati Private Nature Reserve, South Africa

View images of Tanda Tula Safari Camp: Tanda Tula Images
TANDA TULA SAFARI CAMP RATES: Tanda Tula Camp Rates
TANDA TULA SAFARI CAMP - TIMBAVATI PRIVATE NATURE RESERVE
Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Nature Reserve, South AfricaTanda Tula means 'To love the quiet'. Renowned as one of the most luxurious tented camps in South Africa, Tanda Tula is set amidst twenty thousand acres of pristine wilderness in the Timbavati Private Nature Reserve, adjacent to the Kruger National Park. Here you will come face to face to nature as it always was, with not a fence in sight to inhabit your freedom. With a maximum of 24 guests, personal attention is a matter of course.
With a handful of visitors, a limited number of game-viewing vehicles, and no fences between the Kruger Park and Timbavati, the words 'private', ‘secluded' and 'tranquil' best describe the Tanda Tula experience. Early-morning and evening safaris are conducted in open Landrovers, and daily walks are offered with professional rangers and trackers.
This intimate camp is renowned for its charming service and passionately well informed staff.
Accommodations            For images of Tanda Tula Safari Camp, click Tanda Tula Images
Twelve luxuriously thatched, East-African Tented suites, all with en-suite bathrooms, outdoor showers and private decks are situated on the banks of the Nhralumi River. Tanda Tula's tents each have a private timber deck and are the epitome of luxury and seclusion.
Children 12 years and older are welcome at Tanda Tula.
Those seeking exclusivity and total privacy may be interested in Tandala, a thatched suite with its own private pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle. Tandala offers total privacy and personal attention of the highest standard.
Adjacent to Tandala's bungalow is the lounge and dining area where meals are served in private with your own chef to cater to all your needs.
Facilities
Tanda Tula Tented Camp is set among stately trees such as Leadwood, Knobthorn and Jackalberry, and straddles the usually dry bed of the Nhlaralumi river. Tanda Tula Safari Camp's focal point is the long, thatched roof of the open-sided bar-lounge which overlooks the watering hole, where you may watch animals come for a drink. You may also enjoy a refreshing dip in the barside pool.
Guest areas include a thatched lounge, open-air dining areas, a curio shop and swimming pool. The lounge and swimming pool overlook a waterhole where animals come to drink throughout the day and night.
Tanda Tula has its own private 1000m tarred airstrip accommodating most twin aircraft and small executive jets.
Dining
Tanda Tula Safari Camp offers fine international cuisine with an African dimension - such as medallions of Kudu with mushroom and cheese or carpaccio of venison, accompanied by fine South African wines.
Dinners are served in a variety of venues, from private dinners on your deck, a barbeque at the water hole or in the river bed, to around log fires in a traditional open-air boma, and Tanda Tula's excellent cuisine is assured to enhance your bush experience.
Activities
Daily activities include two game drives and/or bush walks, sundowner drinks & snacks in the bush, sleep-outs in a hide, tracking skills, fauna & flora identification, stargazing in the riverbed and special itineraries are available on request.
The game drives are in new, custom designed, open-air Land Rovers, seating only seven people, allowing clear communication with your ranger and tracker. The seclusion of the camp allows traversing on thousands of hectares of pristine African wilderness.
Top          Return to Map of Lowveld Game Reserves          Return to Map of Limpopo Province

For tourist information and activities in the Limpopo Province, click More Limpopo
For further information about Kruger National Park, click More Kruger

For further information about South Africa, click More South Africa



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Benefits of Hiring a Private Craft

Chartering a private plane has likely considered to be a luxury of the affluent and famous. However, this is not most likely the case. Most folks are currently picking to hire private planes for many various reasons. With select costs becoming a bit more cost effective and the hassles of flying commercially growing, more folks are choosing to charter private jets to get to Tanda Tula Airport. Of course, even with the prices coming down, many regular people still can't afford to rent a private plane. Some groups of folks, though, are taking more and more advantage of private planes for multiple reasons.
The most usual kind of people to hire planes are the affluent and famous. They are likely to lease crafts because it is cost effective to them, they don't want to travel in a commercial airplane, there are little or no luggage restrictions, and they shall have their animals into the central cabin with them to sit with them as they fly. A usual charter, depending on the size of the jets, runs anyplace from $20,000 and higher. The smaller the jets, the cheaper it is to charter it. The jets that can be rented come in a variety of varied sizes from eight seats upward. For persons who has a a lot of money, fees is no problem and they can of course afford to hire a jets for all of their flying necessities. They also may obtain the size and the benefits choices that they would like during their flights. If the individual hiring the jets likes to pack a lot of baggage, then they can choose the crafts that can best be able to satiate those wants, as well as not need to wonder about any luggage restrictions. Individuals that are affluent and can handle it a lot purchase their own private jets, but there can be some query if this is the better way to go. After purchasing a private jet there are still all of the costs for maintenance, housing, paying a pilot, licenses, and any other fees associated with owning a plane. If, on the other hand, they just hired a private craft for all of their travel necessities, they don't have to worry with any of those ordeals and can just enjoy traveling in their own private hired plane.
Numbers people highly don't like flying on commercial planes to Tanda Tula Airport. This isn't reserved for the affluent and celebrity. With trainling lines, many security checkpoints, baggage restrictions, and numerous times unliked neighbors a lot usually wish they could pay to travel in a private jet. A rented planeensures the people numerous freedoms that are usually not available on a commercial flight due to restrictions or regulations important to ensure the safety of the travelers. trunks restrictions are a ongoing source of problems when thinking of commercial flights. Lost baggage can also coincide with this. Countless airlines charge more for greater than one piece of baggage and sometimes it may not even make it to the destination. If trunks gets lost on a commercial flight, even greater hassles start to try and locate and deliver the lost baggage to its rightful owner. With a leased craft, you are in charge of yourluggage . You can observe them as they put it in the plane and there are mot many or no restrictions on how many luggage and what accoutrements you take along you. Usually, animals can be allowed in the cabin with you for the duration the flight instead of in the cargo area. With recent reports and thoughts about how safe animals actually are in the cargo bay of commercial flights, this benefit is an important one for folks who can pay to lease a planeand would like to carry their pets along with them on their travels.
There is also a rise in prganizations hiring planes so their employees can quickly and easilytake off to meetings and conferences. Not being made to wait in the growing lines at the airport or think about delayed flights, tons of businessmen see it faster and more convenient to merely leap on a leased plane to get to their meeting on the opposite side of the country then arrive home in time for dinner. An additional perk of a hired plane is that it caters to the actual needs of its clients. If they maintain certain flight times, they may be accommodated. There is no necessity to wait for the numerous travelers to board the craft and the planecan take off whenever it is ready to. Also, since rented jets are not as big as than commercial planes, they offer many more choices when speaking of the airports they can depart or land in. This can be particularly positive for those chartering a jet for business purposes since they have more flexibility in where meetings can be held and in where they can arrive and take off from. leased crafts are also usually readied with all of the wanted technology for a businessman to be allowed to get work done on the flight and as keep in touch with their office for current information. Some businessmen even hold their meetings on the planeswith the reason to save time In addition to get more work done. chartered crafts have helped to save companies time and money by permitting them to fly and work in comfort at the same time.
While these are the twomain groups of travelers that are most likely to hire a jet, others do as well for numerous addorted reasons. Some people enjoy chartering a plane since they do not need to wait in trainling lines or at security checkpoints. They can just drive right up to the steps of the plane and board straight from their car. There are no security checkpoints or large lines at the ticket area, and they don't need to get there hours in advance simply to make certain they are on time for their plane. Many like the personal, pampered atmosphere that is experienced throughout the craft and the flight. There are many extras offered on a rented plane that are unavailable on a commercial flight. Each leased jet has a myriad of options that may be selected from that can include selecting your own movie, spa packages, even special wants could be honored if made in advance. Rented crafts provide only the best to their customers and are happy to make any accommodations or fulfill any special requests made by the flyers who hired the plane. Yet another advantage to hiring a private plane is that you can set your own travel schedule, likely only giving 48 hours notice if required. Also, if you traveling to a destination and opt to change plans or stop off and visit a city as you fly over it, the pilot is flexible and may alter plans in the air if needed. This affords the flyer larger flexibility than if they were togo on a commercial airline to Tanda Tula Airport.
Some flyers who charter a jet do so for a special occasion, for example a vacation or a trip to Tanda Tula Airport, and they want to do so in style. By hiring a private jet, anyone is sure to come to their destination in style, at ease, and ready for whatever waits for them at their destination. A lot see leasing a private craft as a luxury, which is true, but it is becoming a lot more affordable for folks who want the unusual luxuries that let them to feel needed and pampered and get them to their intended destination. By being capable to afford the small luxuries like a leased jet, your arrive at your get away destination rested and ready to begin your much needed time off.
A chartered craft affords the flyer all of the ease and flexibility that a commercial plane doesn't offer. By going in a private plane, the flyer doesn't have any of the problems that reside with traveling on a commercial airline. There are no large lines, security checkpoints where you will be searched or patted down, no unwated seat mates, no baggage restrictions, and no rules as to where you can travel. hired jets are becoming more and more popular as a way to fly and it couldn't be a huge surprise if one day they became a more popular way to travel just for the benefits that people who make use of them have access to.








Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game Reserve, South Africa

En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers.

Picture
 Gallery
12 Luxurious East African style tents (16-Bedded) with private timber decks overlooking the dry riverbed.
Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in 
the boma.
Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game 
Reserve.
Pool area.


  • En suite bathrooms - Victorian baths and outside showers










  • Standing Fans and mosquito netting in Tanda Tula Safari Camp's rooms










  • Thatched lounge, open-air dining areas, curio shop and swimming pool










  • Maximum of 24 guests for Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation













  • Each tented suite at Tanda Tula Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation has its own private timber decks overlooking the riverbed. If you are seeking exclusivity in your Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation, you may be interested in the Tandala thatched suite with its own pool, personal cook, ranger and game-viewing vehicle.

    For the more adventurous, sleep outs can be arranged at the hide overlooking the waterhole at Tanda Tula's Timbavati Game Reserve accommodation.

    Tanda Tula Safari Camp open-air dinners around the log fires in 
the boma.
    General


    Airstip at Tanda Tula Safari Camp, Timbavati Private Game 
Reserve.
    location


    Pool area.
    activities



    Provisional Reservation System Please note that all steps marked with a * must be completed for your provisional reservation to be processed!
    Staying at   Tanda Tula Safari Camp
    Step 1* Choose Accommodation Type.
    Luxury Tent: Fully inclusive - Max People: 2
    Step 2* Please indicate the number of adults and the number of children below.
    adults children under 12
    Step 3* Choose accommodation start date and the number of nights you intend staying for below.
    Start date nights
    If you are sure all steps marked with a * are complete please

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